学会誌

鈴木 敬一郎*

要旨：
背景：近年，大学における教員業績評価が求められている．文部科学省が実施している大規模調査の解析では，教育関連の項目が増え，利用では待遇や雇用への反映が拡がっている．
方法：文部科学省調査ならびに自大学運用例を解析した．
結果：既に多くの大学で導入され，待遇に反映するため教育のみならず研究，診療も評価を行い，賞与加算も行われていた．
考察：教員業績評価は必須であり，既に多くの大学で導入されているが，医学部の業務は多岐に渡り，すべてを数値化して評価することは難しい．今後は評価方法の確立と適正な利用方法の標準化が求められる．
キーワード：業績評価，教育業績，待遇，教育改善，アンケート

SUZUKI*

Abstract:
Recently, performance appraisal became necessary for faculty members. According to the questionnaire survey by the Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Science and Technology, the number of questionnaire items on education is on the increase, and performance appraisal is widely used for decisions on allowance and employment. In our college, performance appraisal on education, research, and medical care is used to decide on the size of bonuses. Performance appraisal for faculty members has already come into force in many universities. However, services in medical schools include many different aspects, and precise quantification of performance appraisal is very difficult. Now, exact evaluation methods and appropriate utilization are necessary for performance appraisal for faculty members.
Key words: performance appraisal, education achievement, allowance, education improvement, questionnaire

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* 兵庫医科大学医学教育センター，Medical Education Center, Hyogo College of Medicine
[〒663-8501　西宮市武庫川町1-1]

赤池 雅史*

要旨：
近年，臨床医学教育における教員の役割は，講義のみならず，臨床現場での教育，小グループでの教育，教育上の管理運営が加わり，増大かつ多様化している．このような状況の中で，臨床系教員は，臨床医学の教育業務を複数の教員で組織的に分担して実施することで，研究業務や診療業務との両立をはかっている．教育業績の評価方法は，このような臨床医学教育における教員の多様な業務や複雑な実施体制に対応する必要がある．さらに，研究や診療の業績と同様に，量的かつ質的に教育業績を評価する新しい方法の確立が必要である．
キーワード：教育評価，臨床医学，医学部

Masashi AKAIKE*

Abstract:
Recently, the roles of educators in clinical medicine have increased and diversified, such as lecturers, preceptors in clinical settings, tutors or small-group leaders or facilitators, and educational administrators. In such a situation, clinical faculties are fulfilling their missions as clinical educators, researchers, and clinicians through systematically sharing educational duties with other faculties. A system to evaluate educational achievements is needed that corresponds to the various affairs of faculties and complicated implementation system in clinical medical education. In addition, novel methods that can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate educational achievements should be established　as well as achievements of research and medical care.
Key words: Educational evaluation, Clinical medicine, School of medicine

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* 徳島大学大学院医歯薬学研究部医療教育学分野，Department of Medical Education, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University
[〒770-8503 徳島市蔵本町3丁目18-15]

白鳥 正典*1　亀田 優美*1,2　苗代 康可*1　赤坂 憲*1　高橋 弘毅*2　相馬 仁*1

要旨：
目的：札幌医科大学「地域包括型診療参加臨床実習」指導医に対する教育評価やインセンティブの実態の把握
方法：本実習の指導医に対する教育評価およびインセンティブ付与に関する実態および意識調査を地域基幹病院長および学生の指導医を対象に行った．
結果：臨床実習および初期臨床研修の指導に対して教育評価やインセンティブ付与が行われている病院は少数であった．インセンティブに関する意識調査では，不要と回答した指導医は54.2%であった．指導医個人よりも実習病院へのインセンティブ付与を求める意見が多かった．
結語：学外での臨床実習に際して実習病院に対するインセンティブの要否を検討する必要性が示唆された．
キーワード：学外病院，診療参加型臨床実習，教育評価，インセンティブ

Masanori SHIRATORI*1　Masami KAMEDA*1,2　Yasuyoshi NAISHIRO*1
Hiroshi AKASAKA*1　Hiroki TAKAHASHI*2　Hitoshi SOHMA*1

Abstract:
Objective: To inquire about how evaluation of physician supervisors is performed, and whether or not incentives to guide comprehensive community-based clinical clerkship for them are provided, in hospitals outside Sapporo Medical University.
Methods: We conducted field surveys using questionnaires distributed to physician supervisors and hospital directors, focusing on the evaluation of physician supervisors and whether they are provided with incentives. From the survey, we examined the attitude toward educational awareness of the physician supervisors.
Results: The number of hospitals where evaluations for physician supervisors were performed and incentives were provided was limited. In addition, 54.2% of the physician supervisors responded that incentives were unnecessary. Many of them considered that incentives for a hospital are more preferable than for individual supervisors.
Conclusion: These results suggest that with respect to community-based clinical clerkship outside the university, an appropriate method for providing incentives, including whether or not they are necessary, should be considered.
Key words: hospitals outside the university, clinical clerkship, evaluation for education, incentive

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*1 札幌医科大学医療人育成センター教育開発研究部門，Department of Educational Development, Sapporo Medical University Center for Medical Education
[〒060-8556　札幌市中央区南1条西17丁目]
*2 札幌医科大学医学部呼吸器・アレルギー内科学講座，Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine

川邊 哲也*1　羽野 卓三*1　相馬 仁*2　鈴木 敬一郎*3
赤池 雅史*4　小林 直人*5　大槻 眞嗣*6　鈴木 利哉*7　奈良 信雄*8

要旨：
背景：臨床や研究と比較し，医学部教員の教育における貢献や業績を適切に評価する尺度がない．今回，日本医学教育学会業績評価委員会の医学教育業績評価シートを用いて，教員の教育業績を調査し，職位や専門領域による差異を検討した．
方法：全国医学部の教員が評価シートの20項目について5段階で自己評価したものを集計，解析した．
結果と考察：教育ユニット以外の部署に所属する教員は講義や実習といった現場教育に比較して，試験や教育制度の運用管理には，あまり貢献していない傾向が見られた．また，職位が高いほど，教育への貢献が大きい傾向が見られた．
結語：本評価シートは医学教育業績を評価する標準的尺度として活用できる．
キーワード：自己評価，業績調査，教育貢献，評価シート

Abstract:
Introduction: Compared with faculties in clinical and medical research departments, those in medical departments are not appropriately evaluated in terms of their contributions to or achievements in medical education. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the contributions of medical department faculties to medical education, and to examine differences in contributions according to duty positions and specialties.
Methods: Five-grade self-assessments in relation to 20 items on a rating form for performance in medical education, which was developed by the Japan Society for Medical Education’s Committee for Performance Evaluation, were carried out by medical department faculties in Japanese universities. The data were then totalized and analyzed.
Results and Discussion: Although faculties belonging to departments other than medical education units did not actively participate in examinations or the education system, they still made contributions to lectures and practice. In addition, faculties with positions with more duties tended to show greater participation in the education system.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, we recommend the use of a rating form as a standard scale to evaluate performance in medical education.
Key words: self-assessment, performance investigation, educational contribution, rating form

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*1 和歌山県立医科大学教育研究開発センター, Center for Educational Research and Development, Wakayama Medical University
[〒641-8509　和歌山市紀三井寺811-1]
*2 札幌医科大学医療人育成センター教育研究開発部門, Department of Educational Development, Sapporo Medical University Center for Medical Education
*3 兵庫医科大学医学教育センター, Medical Education Center, Hyogo College of Medicine
*4 徳島大学大学院医歯薬学研究部医療教育学, Department of Medical Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
*5 愛媛大学医学部総合医学教育センター, Medical Education Center, Ehime University School of Medicine
*6 藤田保健衛生大学医学部医学教育企画室, Planning Office for Medical Education, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
*7 新潟大学医学部総合医学教育センター医学教育推進部門, Comprehensive Medical Education Center, Division of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Niigata University
*8 順天堂大学医学教育研究室，Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University

皆本 晃弥*

要旨：
2008年12月に出された中央教育審議会の答申「学士課程教育の構築に向けて」において，教員の教育業績を多面的に評価するという観点からティーチング・ポートフォリオが取り上げられた．それ以降，日本でもティーチング・ポートフォリオを作成する教員は年々増えており，教育活動を可視化するツールとして，その有用性は認められている．しかしながら，今のところティーチング・ポートフォリオは主に教育改善にのみ活用され，ティーチング・ポートフォリオによる教育業績評価についてはあまり議論されていない．そこで，本稿ではティーチング・ポートフォリオを紹介するとともに，これを用いた教育業績評価方法について述べる．
キーワード：ティーチング・ポートフォリオ，教育業績評価，教育改善，可視化

Teruya MINAMOTO*

Abstract:
In December 2008, the Central Council for Education submitted a report entitled: “Towards the enhancement of undergraduate education.” In this report, the “Teaching Portfolio” appeared as a versatile aid to evaluate teaching. Since then, the number of teaching staff who write their teaching portfolio has been increasing annually in Japan, and it has gained recognition as an effective instrument for improving and visualizing teaching performance. However, there is very little emphasis on teaching evaluation using teaching portfolios. This paper introduces the teaching portfolio and describes how it aids teaching evaluation.
Keywords: teaching portfolio, teaching evaluation, teaching improvement, visualizing

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* 佐賀大学大学院工学系研究科知能情報システム学専攻，Department of Information Science, Saga University
[〒840-8502　佐賀県佐賀市本庄町1番地]

奈良 信雄*

要旨：
医学教育の質を保証し，有能な医師を育成して国民の健康を守るための医学教育分野別評価が世界各国で進められている．教育の中心をなす教員については，教育，研究，臨床等における業績をバランス良く評価し，採用，昇進，昇給などに反映することが重要で，分野別評価基準にも明記されている国が多い．
キーワード：医学教育の質保証，医学教育分野別評価，教員の業績評価

Nobuo NARA*

Abstract:
Accreditation for medical education has been introduced in several countries to ensure and improve the quality of education programs in medical schools. In the standards for accreditation, the assessment of faculty activity and development is described as important to improve medical education. The balance of teaching, research, and service functions is considered in the assessment. The results of the appraisal are reflected in the faculty's appointments, promotions, and compensation increases in many countries.
Key Words: Quality assurance of medical education, accreditation for medical education, assessment of faculty activity and development

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* 順天堂大学医学教育研究室，Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University
[〒113-8421　文京区本郷2丁目1番1号]

日高 優*

要旨：
背景：本研究では，新人教育を行った経験が先輩看護師の意識に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．
方法：先行研究を参考に尺度を作成し，先輩看護師を対象に調査を行った．
結果・考察：因子分析の結果，先輩看護師が新人教育において抱く意識には「新人肯定意識」「新人嫌悪意識」「新人教育肯定意識」の3因子が抽出された．新人教育の経験との関連を検討した結果，新人教育担当者の経験や研修の受講経験は先輩看護師の新人看護師や新人教育に対する肯定的な意識を高める一方で，新人看護師に対する嫌悪的な意識も高めてしまうということが明らかになった．今後は，現行の新人教育における具体的な問題点を探る必要性がある．
キーワード：新人教育，先輩看護師，意識，尺度

Yu HIDAKA*

Abstract:
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influences of experiences of postgraduate education on senior nurses’ consciousness. Senior nurses (N=844) completed a questionnaire developed on the basis of previous studies. Factor analysis yielded the following 3 factors: affirmative consciousness of new graduate nurses，negative consciousness of new graduate nurses and affirmative consciousness of postgraduate education. There results suggest that experience as a preceptor and training for preceptorship influenced not only the affirmative consciousness of new graduate nurses and postgraduate education but also negative consciousness of new graduate nurses．It was suggested that it is necessary to investigate problems in the current postgraduate education.
Keywords: postgraduate education, senior nurse, consciousness, scale

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* 岡山大学大学院保健学研究科，Graduate School Of Health Sciences，Okayama University
[〒700-8558 岡山県岡山市北区鹿田町2-5-1]
受付：2015年8月8日，受理：2016年2月26日

片岡 仁美*1,3,5　関 明穂*2　川畑 智子*3　勅使川原 早苗*1,3　岩瀬 敏秀*4　小比賀 美香子*5　大西 弘高*6

要旨：
目的：女性医師のライフイベントとキャリアについて調査し支援に必要な要素を検討する．
方法：岡山大学卒業・入局の女性医師1374名にライフイベント，就労，満足度等についての質問票を送付した．
結果：臨床医360名の解析を行った．結婚，出産時期は多くが適切としたが（82.1%，65.2%），若年層で遅くなる傾向があった．子どもがいる医師（70.2%）では臨床の満足度は変わらなかったが，研究，教育の満足度が低かった．常勤の原職復帰者（32.2%）は非常勤者と比べ満足度が高かった．復職時に上司の理解，家族のサポート等が必要とされた．
考察：理解の促進を含む環境整備とキャリア教育・支援が望まれる．
キーワード：女性医師，ライフイベント，キャリア支援，復職

Hitomi Usui KATAOKA*1　Akiho SEKI*2　Tomoko KAWABATA*3
Sanae TESHIGAWARA*3　Toshihide IWASE*4　Mikako OBIKA*5　Hirotaka ONISHI*6

Abstract:
Introduction: In Japan, the number of female physicians is increasing rapidly. The importance of education focused on career development and the work-life balance is increasingly being recognized.
Methods: In February 2008, we sent a questionnaire regarding the working status and life events to 1,374 female physicians who graduated from Okayama University
Medical School or who were working at university-affiliated hospitals and facilities at the time of the investigation.
Results: Of the 376 respondents（26.8% response rate）, we analyzed 360 respondents whose specialty is clinical medicine. Among them, 75.9%（n=269）of female physicians
have partners, 70.2%（n=233）have children, and most of the female physicians experience these life events from age of 25-29 years. Although 82.1%（n=216）regarded the timing of their marriage as appropriate, 65.2%（n=144）regarded it as appropriate about having first child. Of the 174 respondents who returned to
clinical work, 32.2%（n=56）returned to the same position as a full-time worker, and
27.6%（n=48）changed their position from full-time to part-time. Important factors to return to work easily, understanding from their supervisors, support from their family, and an appropriate amount of work were the top three reasons.
Discussion: It is important to educate medical students about career development based on the life stage and work-life balance for gender equality in medicine.
Key words: female physicians, life events, career support, returning to work

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*1 岡山大学大学院医歯薬総合研究科地域医療人材育成講座，Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
[〒700-8558　岡山市北区鹿田町2-5-1 ]　
*2 岡山県健康づくり財団，Okayama Health Foundation, Okayama, Japan
*3 岡山大学大学院医歯薬総合研究科医療人キャリアセンター，Career Center for Medical and Health care professionals, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
*4 岡山県地域医療支援センター岡山大学支部，Center for Medical Cooperation, Human Resources Placement and Career Promotion of Okayama Prefecture
*5 岡山大学病院卒後臨床研修センター，Center for Graduate Medical Education, Okayama University Hospital
*6 東京大学大学院医学系研究科医学教育国際研究センター，International Research Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo
受付：2014年10月26日，受理：2016年2月1日

Kentaro IWATA*

Abstract:
Cooperative, active learning such as Problem-Based Learning, or PBL, and Team-Based Learning, or TBL, is gaining popularity in medical education in Asian countries. Cambodia has been exposed to few, if any, such educational methodologies. Here, the author conducted a week of Hybrid Educational Activities between TBL And PBL Program (HEAT APP) with Cambodian medical students and postgraduate trainees. Further practices and studies will clarify the real value in this specific setting.
Key Words: HEAT APP, TBL, PBL, Medical Education

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*Division of Infectious Diseases, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
[Kusunokicho 7-5-2, Chuoku, Kobe]
受付：2016年2月1日，受理：2016年3月13日

馬場 幸子*1　森 正樹*1,2　森井 英一*3　磯 博康*4

要旨：　
背景：本学では国際化を促進する目的で2007年度に医学科国際交流センターを設置し，09年度から留学生受入プログラムを開始した．
方法：2008年度から13年度までの学生派遣・受入状況及び協定締結とその成果について評価を行った．
結果：学生派遣数は2008年度の0名から13年度の12名，受入数は0名から14名，協定校は0校から3校と増加し，組織的な学生交流を開始できた．海外渡航奨学金申請件数も2件から22件と増加した．
考察：受入制度による国際化に対応した大学としてのアピール，内なる国際化，受入の公式化，そして国際交流に特化したセンターの設置による情報の一元化と連絡の円滑化が学生相互交流増進に寄与した．
キーワード：国際交流，海外，留学生，学生交流．受入プログラム

Sachiko BABA*1 　Masaki MORI*1,2　Eiichi MORII*3　Hiroyasu ISO*4

Abstract:
Background: The center for international relations was established in 2007 and it has organized a program for accepting international students for short periods since 2009 to enhance internationalization at the medical school.
Methods: The number of inbound and outbound students, and the number of overseas medical schools with an Academic Agreement and a Memorandum of Understanding with our institution from 2008 to 2013 were counted, and the relevant achievements were evaluated.
Results：The number of inbound students increased from 0 in 2008 to 14 in 2013, and the number of outbound students also increased from 1 in 2008 to 12 in 2013. The number of overseas medical schools with an Academic Agreement and a Memorandum of Understanding also increased from 1 to 3. The number of scholarship applications to go overseas also increased from 2 to 12.
Discussion：Organizing a well-established program for inbound students probably contributed to developing the international environment within the school for both inbound and outbound students, and to enhancing discussion of student exchange with potential partner universities. The center for international relations has functioned as a hub for the students and relevant departments by centralizing information, which has markedly communication improved.
Key words: international relations, international student, student exchange

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*1 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科医学科国際交流センター，Center for International Relations , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
[〒565-0871大阪府吹田市山田丘2-2]
*2 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科外科学，Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
*3 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科病理学，大阪大学大学院医学系研究科副研究科長（教育・国際交流担当），Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
*4 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科社会医学，大阪大学大学院医学系研究科前副研究科長（教育・国際交流担当），Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
受付：2016年2月24日，受理：2016年3月13日