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BENTHAM ON VIRTUE AND HAPPINESS

Satoshi KODAMA

ABSTRACT

Bentham's Deontology contains his views on virtue, which he didn't discuss in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. But since the publication of the new edition of Deontology little attempt has been made to examine his views on virtue, partly because his exposition of virtue in this book is quite unsystematic and repetitious. In this paper, I start from giving a brief description of his views on virtue - his views on its nature, the division of particular virtues, and several virtues including prudence, beneficence and probity - and then examine his understanding of the relationship between virtue and happiness.

  1. Disposition in the Introduction
    1. disposition and hexis
    2. disposition as a fictitious entity
    3. good disposition and bad disposition
  2. About Deontology
  3. The nature of virtue in general
    1. virtue as a fictitious entity
    2. the happiness of the community as the essence of virtue
    3. the need for effort and self-sacrifice
    4. virtue and habit
  4. The division of particular virtues
    1. primary virtues -- prudence, benevolence (and probity)
    2. prudence, purely self-regarding and extra-regarding
    3. beneficence -- 1. beneficence/benevolence, 2. beneficence/probity, 3. positive beneficence/negative beneficence
  5. Between virtue and happiness
    1. Why be prudent?
    2. Why be beneficent?
    3. prudent to be beneficent

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(1) $B<+0&$N;WN8(B

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$B$3$NFA$O!"LdBj$N9T0Y$,B>?M$N9,J!$K1F6A$r5Z$\$9$+5Z$\$5$J$$$+$K$h$C$F!"(B $B$5$i$K!V=c?h$K<+J,$@$1$K4X$o$k<+0&$N;WN8!W$H!VB>?M$K4X$o$k<+0&$N;WN8!W(B $B$H$K6hJ,$5$l$k(B (D 123)$B!#<+J,$N9T0Y$,B>?M$N9,J!$K$b1F6A$r5Z$\$9>l9g$O!"(B $BB>?M$KM?$($?1F6A$,:F$S$O$M$+$($C$F<+J,$N9,J!$K$J$s$i$+$N;EJ}$G1F6A$rM?(B $B$($k$H$3$H$,B?$$$H9M$($i$l$k!#$=$3$G!"<+J,$N9T0Y$,$I$N$h$&$KB>?M$N9,J!(B $B$K1F6A$rM?$($k$+$r9MN8$9$k$3$H$,!"<+0&$N;WN8$N$?$a$KI,MW$K$J$k$N$G$"$k(B (D 123-4)$B!#Nc$rMQ$$$F@bL@$9$k$H!"0lIt$N?M!9$O%?%P%3$r5[$&$3$H$K$h$C$F(B ($B>/$J$/$H$bC;4|E*$K$O(B)$B9,J!$K$J$k!#$b$7C/$b$$$J$$<+J,$NIt20$G5J1l$9$k$N(B $B$G$"$l$P!"$=$l$O=c?h$K<+J,$@$1$K4X$o$k<+0&$N;WN8$NLdBj$G$"$k!#$7$+$7!"(B $BB>$N?M$HF1@J$7$F$$$k>l$G5J1l$9$k>l9g$K$O!"B>?M$K4X$o$k<+0&$N;WN8$NLdBj(B $B$K$J$k!#$3$N>l9g!"F1@J$7$F$$$k?M$,<+J,$N%?%P%3$N1l$K$+$C$H$J$C$F2%$j$+(B $B$+$C$F$3$J$$$@$m$&$+$H$+!"$*$^$($N5[$C$?%?%P%3$N1l$N$;$$$G%,%s$K$J$C$?(B $B$J$I$H8@$C$F8e$GAJ>Y$r5/$3$5$l$O$7$J$$$@$m$&$+$J$I!"<+J,$N9T0Y$,B>?M$N(B $B9,J!$KM?$($k1F6A$r<+J,$N9,J!$N$?$a$K9M$($kI,MW$,$"$k!#(B


(2) $BA19T(B

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$B@??M$KA1$r$J$9$3$H$G$"$j!">C6KE*A19T$OB>?M$K0-$r$J$5$J$$$3$H(B $B$G$"$k$,!"8e?M$rIT2w(B $B$K$9$k$h$&$J9T0Y$r$J$5$J$$$3$H$H$7$F@bL@$5$l$k(B (D 183, 185-6, 212)$B!#(B


5. $BFA$H9,J!$N4X78(B

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$B$3$N$h$&$J?M$KBP$7$F%Y%s%?%`$O$I$N$h$&$J@bF@$r9T$J$&$G$"$m$&$+!#H`$J$i!"(B $BA19T$NFA$rHw$($??M$N$9$k9T0Y$H<+0&$N;WN8$NFA$rHw$($??M$N$9$k9T0Y$,$+$J(B $B$j$NDxEY0lCW$9$k$3$H$r@b$/$G$"$m$&(B (D 182, 193, 196-7)$B!#@h$N%?%P%3$NNc(B $B$KLa$k$H!"$d$O$j$o$?$7$K$h$k;EJV$7$d<~0O$N?M$+$i$NHsFq$J$I$H$$$C$?%5%s(B $B%/%7%g%s$r9M$($k$H!"<+0&$N;WN8$N4QE@$+$i$7$F$b5J1l$r95$($?J}$,8-L@$H8@(B $B$($k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#$5$i$K!"A10U$+$i@8$8$k2w(B($B6&46$N%5%s%/%7%g%s$H$b8@$o(B $B$l$k(B)$B$b!"$J$$$,$7$m$K$G$-$J$$Bg$-$J2w$G$"$k(B (D 183)$B!#B>?M$N2w$NA}Bg!"(B $B$"$k$$$O6l$N7Z8:$K$h$C$F<+J,$K$b$?$i$5$l$k2w$r5} $B0J>e$N$h$&$J%Y%s%?%`$N@bL@$O!"H`$N?M4VK\@-4Q$+$i$9$k$HBEEv$J@bL@$@$H;W(B $B$o$l$k$,!"$7$+$7!"$3$N$h$&$K@bL@$9$k$N$J$i!"$`$7$mA19T$NFA$OM&5$$d@a@)(B $B$J$I$HF1MM$K<+0&$N;WN8$NFA$K=>B0$9$k$b$N$@$H9M$($?J}$,E,@Z$G$O$J$$$@$m(B $B$&$+!#$H$$$&$N$O!"%Y%s%?%`$OA10U$+$i9T0Y$9$k$3$H$KFCJL$JF;FAE*2ACM$rG'(B $B$a!"A19T$NFA$H<+0&$N;WN8$NFA$H$$$&FsK\N)$F$GFA$r@bL@$7$h$&$H$9$k$,!"$7(B $B$+$7$3$NFs$D$NFA$K$D$$$F$NH`$N5DO@$r8+$k$+$.$j!"4pK\$H$J$k$N$O<+0&$N;W(B $BN8$NFA$G$"$j!"A19T$NFA$r@.N)$5$;$k$b$N$H$7$F$NA10U$O<+0&$N;WN8$K$h$C$F(B $B$=$N2ACM$r@bL@$5$l$k$b$N$G$"$k$h$&$K;W$o$l$k$+$i$G$"$k!#<+0&$N;WN8$NFA(B $B$rHw$($F$$$k?M$O!"A10U$+$iB>?M$N9,J!$rG[N8$9$k$3$H$r3X$V$3$H$,K>$^$7$$(B $B$,!"$=$l$O$=$&$9$k$3$H$,<+J,$N9,J!$NB%?J$KLrN)$D$+$i$G$"$k!#(B($BN;(B)

($B$3$@$^(B $B$5$H$7(B $BGn;N8e4|2]Dx0l2s@8(B $BF|K\3X=Q?66=2qFCJL8&5f0w(B)


$BCm(B

  1. $B$3$l$OBhFs2s(B$BF|K\8x1W(B($B8yMx(B)$B$B$GH/I=$7$?$H$-$N:G=*869F$G$9!#(B $B$3$l$r$b$H$K$7$?O@J8$,!X(B$B$B!Y(B($BBh(B22$B9f(B)$B$K7G:\$5$l$kM=Dj$G$9!#(B
  2. David Baumgardt, Bentham and the Ethics of Today, Princeton UP, 1952, p. 236.
  3. Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (hereafter IPML), Oxford, 1996, p. 3.
  4. $B%"%j%9%H%F%l%9!"!X%K%3%^%3%9NQM}3X!Y!"BhFs4,BhO;>O!#(B $B$?$@$7!"(BW. D. Ross$B$NLu$G$O(Bhexis$B$O$BF1MM$K!"=,47$b!"9T0Y$N7+$jJV$7$K$h$C$F7A@.$5$l$k$HA[Dj$5$l$k!"(B $B5u9=J*$G$"$k(B (IPML 78i, 119z)$B!#(B $B$J$*!"=,47$H798~@-$H$N4X78$K$D$$$F$O!"(B $B!V=,47$OB??t$N9T0Y$N7k2L$G$"$k!#798~@-$O=,47$N7k2L$G$"$k!W(B (Jeremy Bentham, Deontology together with A Table of the Springs of Action and Article on Utilitarianism (hereafter D), Amnon Goldworth ed., Clarendon Press, 1983, p. 349)$B$H=R$Y$i$l$F$$$k!#(B $B$9$J$o$A!"$3$l$^$G$KF1$89T0Y$r7+$jJV$7$F$-$?$H$$$&$BFA$K4X$9$k%Y%s%?%`$N5-=R$O!"(B Bhikhu Parekh ed., Bentham's Political Thought, Croom Helm London, 1973.$B$K$b<}O?$5$l$F$$$k!#(B $B?7A4=8HG$N!X5AL3O@!Y$H$[$H$s$I=EJ#$9$kFbMF$@$,!"(B $B%3%s%Q%/%H$K$^$H$a$i$l$F$$$k$N$G;29M$K$J$k!#(B
  5. Deontology$B$O%Y%s%?%`$NB$8l$G$"$j!"(B $B%.%j%7%"8l$N(Bdeon ($B$"$k$Y$-$b$N!"$U$5$o$7$$$b$N(B)$B$H(B logos$B$+$i:n$i$l$?$b$N$G$"$k!#(B
  6. $B$3$NDj5A$K$h$l$P!"$?$H$($P!"?M4V$O!"(B $BF0J*$H$$$&N`35G0$H!"M}@-E*$H$$$&\$7$/$O(BD 74$B0J2<$r;2>H$;$h!#(B
  7. $B!X%K%3%^%3%9NQM}3X!Y!"BhFs4,Bh8^>O(B
  8. $B%Y%s%?%`$O!"(Bhappiness$B$H(Bwell-being$B$N0c$$$r!X5AL3O@!Y(B $BCf$N$"$k$H$3$m(B(D 130)$B$G=R$Y$F$$$k$,!"(B $BI,$:$7$b>o$K87L)$J6hJL$r$7$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$$!#(B $BK\O@$G$bFC$K6hJL$9$kI,MW$O$J$$$H;W$o$l$k$N$G!"(B $B0J2<$G$ON>D 179$B$K$"$kNc$r4JC1$K$^$H$a$?!#(B
  9. $B!X%K%3%^%3%9NQM}3X!Y!"Bh(B7$B4,(B($BFC$KBh(B9$B>O(B)$B;2>H!#(B $B$^$?!"%"%j%9%H%F%l%9$NNQM}3X@b$K$D$$$F$O!"(B J$B!&(BO$B!&%"!<%`%=%s$N!X%"%j%9%H%F%l%9NQM}3XF~Lg!Y(B ($B1+5\7rLu!"4dGH=qE9!"(B1998$BG/(B)$B$b;29M$K$7$?!#(B
  10. William Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, London, 1811, p. 43-4. $B$J$*!"(Bprudence$B$O!"(B $BL\E*$rC#@.$9$kl9g$H!"(B $B<+J,$NMx1W$d9,J!$NG[N8$KM%$l$F$$$k$3$H$r;X$9>l9g(B ($B$3$l$KBP$7!"B>?M$NMx1W$d9,J!$NG[N8$KM%$l$F$$$k$N$OA10U(Bbenevolence $B$J$$$7A19T(Bbeneficence$B$H8F$P$l$k(B)$B$H$,$"$k!#(B $B$3$3$G$OA0
    KODAMA Satoshi <kodama@ethics.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp>
    Last modified: Fri Mar 24 14:42:24 JST 2000