(せいぎ justice)
By justice I understand that impartial treatment of every man in matters that relate to his happiness, which is measured solely by a consideration of the properties of the receiver, and the capacity of him that bestows. Its principle therefore is, according to a well known phrase, to be `no respecter of persons.'
---William Godwin
A number of men are to divide a cake: assuming that the fair division is an equal one, which procedure, if any, will give this outcome? Technicalities aside, the obvious solution is to have one man divide the cake and get the last piece, the others being allowed their pick before him. He will divide the cake equally, since in this way he assures for himself the largest share possible.
---John Rawls
They say that justice delayed is justice denied, and folks, I don't believe that for a minute. Justice delayed is still justice and we've got it here in Birmingham, Alabama.
---Doug Jones, US attorney
`Klansman who bombed church gets life sentence, 38 years on', in The Guardian, 03/May/2001.[To say] law is the creature of justice ... is as much as to say taht it is the child of its own offspring. For when by just we mean anything but to express our own approbation we mean something which accords with some given law. True, we speak of law and justice, or of law and equity, as opposed to each other, but when we do so, we mean to express mere dislike of the law, or to intimate that it conflicts with another law, the law of God, which is its standard. According to this, every pernicious law is unjust. But, in truth, law is itself the standard of justice. What deviates from any law is unjust with reference to that law, though it may be just with reference to another law of superior authority. The terms just and unjust imply a standard, and conformity to that standard and a deviation from it; else they signify mere dislike, which it would be far better to signify by a grunt or a groan than by a mischievous and detestable abuse of articulate language. But justice is commonly erected into an entity, and spoken of as a legislator, in which character it is supposed to prescribe the law, conformity to which it should denote.
---John Austin
There is a sense [...] in which it is quite wrong to say that justice is the first virtue of social and political institutions. It might be better to say that it is the last virtue, or, at least, the last resort. Rights, or considerations of justice, are like an insurance policy: something offering security to fall back on. [...] Justice need not undermine an ethic of virtue and care, but provides a safety-net when virtue wears thin.
---Jonathan Wolff
Justice is blind to matters of race, creed, color, religion, and sexual orientation.
---Judge Garrett in Philadelphia (1993)
要するに正義は逆転するんです。A国にとっての正義がB国にも正義だとは限ら ない。では、逆転しない正義は何かといえば、飢えている人を助けることなん じゃないか。政治だって、飢え死にする人がいるなら、どこかまちがっている んですよ。悪党をやっつけるためにぶちこんだミサイルで罪のない人も死んで しまうなら、それは正義ではない。武器を持たないアンパンマンは飢えた子ど もに自分の顔を食べさせます。それが、ぼくの考える正義なんですね。
---やなせたかし
「読売新聞の社論を実行できる内閣になるなら悪いことではない。そういう内 閣に知恵を授けて具現化するのは僕には正義だし、合理的なことだ。朝日新聞 の社論通りに実行する内閣なら倒さなければならない。」
---渡辺恒雄
もっとも一般的に言えば、正義とは、 「各人に然るべきdueものを与えること」 と説明される。 刑罰などについて言われる応報的正義は、 「各人の功績につり合った賞罰を与えること」であり、 資源の配分について言われる配分的正義もやはり、 「各人の功績(価値)につり合った配分を行なうこと」である。 問題は、 「然るべき」や「功績」という考えがあいまいであるから、 これらに対して明確な基準を設けなければならない、 ということである。 つまり何をもって「然るべき」とするのか、 何をもって「功績」とするのか、を決めなければならない。 そうしなければ、「各人に然るべきdueものを与えること」 は内容がない説明に終わってしまう。 (11/12/99)
完全義務の項も見よ。
上の引用は以下の著作から。