Authors
Norimitsu Koike
Koshi Yamamoto
概要：
日本における海上空港はその立地特性上、周辺地域の救急機能から隔離しており、
航空機事故発生に伴う多数負傷者に対応できない恐れがある。そこで本研究では、
負傷者搬送シミュレーションモデルを構築し、搬送力不足から現場に留め置かれ
る負傷者数を予測した。その結果、中部国際空港では多数負傷者に救急車両のみ
では速やかな搬送は難しく、ヘリコプターの活用や、現場救護所にて十分な手当
てを施す必要があることを示した。
In an airplane accident, the development of rescue function in and around
airport supposes to have an affair with rescue activity. ICAO(International Civil
Aviation Organization) refers to prepare grid maps and gets hold of rescue
function in a circle with the radius of 6 km in and around airport. 1)
As Japanese new airports constructed in the offshore area by reclaiming (after
this, offshore airport) are surrounded by sea, and few rescue functions are
arranged in the concerned area decided by ICAO. It is necessary, therefore, to
check the possibility of smooth rescue activity at offshore airport in an
airplane accident, and to take measures about airport facilities such as
emergency hospitals, disaster helipads, etc.
The transport simulation purposes to show the injured left on the scene of an
accident by insufficient transportability as the index of rescue activity. The
subject in this paper is Kansai International Airport (after this, K.I.T., now
using), and Chubu International Airport (after this, C.I.T., under planning).
Among airport facilities concerned with rescue activity, we take up two
facilities, and propose some measures with the simulation result.
We try to show whether or not helicopter is useful to get transportability, and
propose to set helipads in the offshore airport.
(b)Medical facility
We try to show the process of accommodating the injured, and provide the
useful data for medical facility planning.
After injured persons rescued from the crashed airplane, they have triage
(given priority) and treatment then they are transported to emergency hospitals
in order of the priority. The transport means (ex. ambulance, helicopter) go to
and return from hospitals until all injured are transported. For simulation
model, some parameters needed about the rescue activity are such as the
transport means, the emergency hospital.
The values of necessary parameters are set based on the data from the Garuda
Indonesian Airplane Accident in Fukuoka Airport 1996(after this, Garuda
Accident). This accident is the most recent one in Japan, and is a typical overrun
accident with 107 injured.
(2)Setting some parameters
(a)Outbreak of the injured
Y=-0.0023×t^2+0.9864×t R^2=0.96 (1)
ICAO presumes that the survival rate by airplane accident as 25%, itemizing
priorty1(the serious injured) is 20%, priority2 (the moderately injured) is 30%,
priorty3(the slightly injured) is 50%. As ICAO doesn't refer to rescue equation,
equation(2) given by modifying equation(1) adopts as rescue equation for the
estimated value of the injured.
Y=( 0.0023×t^2+0.9864×t) ×S／107 (2)
According to kind of airplanes , the estimated value of the injured: S may be
varied. As C.I.A. and K.I.A. have many arrival and departure of B-747, S is
presumed as 125. However, when the simulation model applies to a certain
airport where the number of the estimated value of the injured is different from
Garuda Accident, it needs some alteration.
(b)Emergency hospitals
Fj=Sj×Jj／B (3)
(c)Ambulances
D=30.95×H R^2=0.52
(d)Necessary time for admitting the injured in hospital.
(e)Helicopter activity
@Transport route
The flight route of helicopter proposed by Mizuhashi and others is shown as
the Fig.1.
ANecessary time for taking off
The necessary time for taking off is conformed to Erlang distribution of
average time 24, phase 4 with significance level 95%. The sum of the value
obtained by Erlang random number and 10 minutes for loading stretchers is
adopted necessary time for taking off.
BNecessary time for accommodating medical staff
In an emergency hospital, the helicopter accommodates medical staff and
appliances. Necessary time for these works is supposed that the sum of
accommodating time of the injured in hospital and in scene obtained by the
data of Practical Study. That becomes the sum of Erlang random numbers of
average time 4, phase 3, and average time 3, phase 4.
CNecessary time for admitting the injured
Accommodating time of the injured is adopted just as the data of Practical
Study .
DNecessary time for admitting in hospital and taking off
Same data ofAis adopted as the result of consideration about shifting medical
staff and getting medical appliances.
EFlight time
Flight time is supposed as equation (5),(6) with high correlation coefficient.
Outward: Y=1.19×X^0.67 R^2=0.82 (5)
They account for the characteristic of helicopter, because the average speed
increases with flight distance as the influence of landing and taking off decrease
relatively. Though the cause of difference between outward and backward may
come from the weather condition in the report of the Practical Study, we
suppose it comes from the kind of landing space.
Case1 in Table1 shows the mean value of waiting time in completely original
case(before Izumisano civil hospital moved). It is proved that the all of the
injured are transported after 207 minutes when all of the injured rescued.
Case2 in the Table1 shows simulation results in case that Izumisano civil
hospital moves to the point of passageway joined at land side. It shows to have
some effect, the mean value of waiting time of the priority1 is under 5 minutes.
Case3 in the Table1 shows a result in case that the injured transported are
only those of the priority1 and 2. After 30 minute, they are transported just
when the amount of the injured reach to the transportability of an ambulance,
from those results, K.I.A. may be said to have an adequate transportability .
(2)In the case of Chubu International Airport
(1)Varying allocation of the injured
Case1 in Table2 shows an allocation from equation (3) at C.I.A.. It is shown
that hospitals with many beds are located far from the airport. So, simulation
has been executed in some cases where the allocation has changed.
Case2 is to set emergency medical center (it is NO.0 in Table2) at the point of
passageway joined at land side just like when K.I.A. opened. As the result, it is
shown some improvement but the mean value of priority1 is still over 10
minutes.
Case3 is to take off the farthest hospital, the many injured are transported to
the hospitals near the airport. The result is shown as the mean value and the
all injured transported time decrease. In Table2,the injured allocated to some
hospitals are shown as an odd number. This means that ambulance are not fill
their transportability (because of their transportability sets two injured). So, we
make an alteration at the allocation as shown Case4 in Table2, and has
excused the simulation. The results of Case4 in Table1 shows the transport
activity is more efficient and each index is improved in comparison, but the
mean value of the priority1 is still over 10 minutes.
(2)Improvement transportability
An important measures derived from the simulation is to add ambulance cars.
But when K.I.A. opened, no ambulance car is added around the airport. So, we
consider the way of adding transportability by other means. Case5,6,7 of Table1
shows the results of using one, two, three helicopters respectively. The results of
case7 shows that the mean value of the priority1 is 5 minutes, and all injured
transported time is 207 minutes. As the results, helicopters become effective
transport means. Therefore it is necessary to build helipads for transport at an
airplane accident and construct a control system for some helicopters being
active. But the other measures are necessary for the waiting injured.
Finally, we simulate in the condition of adopting the allocation of Case4 where
three helicopters added. The result is shown as Case8 in Table1. The priority1
is not changed, but the priority2 decreased under 1/3 in comparison with the
Case1.
(1)Regarding disaster Helipads
In some nations making use of helicopters for medical service, the airports
have hovering spaces for helicopters. As K.I.A. has one helipad. C.I.A also needs
to built helipads at the place close to a runway. Further more, it is expected new
emergency medical system with air rescue by helicopters should be constructed
as a substitute for the present system in Japan where ambulance cars are
mainly introduced.
(2)Regarding an emergency medical facility
The priority1 is in danger of meeting his end within 60 minutes. Therefore the
injured of priority1 have to be transported as soon as possible. But from the
simulation, it becomes clear that their waiting time of ambulances is so long to
them. It is necessary, therefore, to prepare enough medical treatment in the
waiting time. For this purpose, an airport clinic should arranged at the ground
floor to function not only in ordinary occasion but also in emergency one. the
information from the simulation will be helpful in airport planning to equip
with the necessary medical appliances and space.
References
1)ＩＣＡＯ; Airport Work Manual No.7(In Japanese), P32, 1980.
2)Fukuoka Fire office; The report of Garuda Indonesian Airplane Accident,
1996
3)ＩＣＡＯ; Airport Work Manual No.7(In Japanese), P60, 1980
4)Japan Conference of Traffic Science; Practical study of helicopter for
emergency medical system ,1993.
5)Y.Mizuohashi and others, The useful method of helicopters in an airplane
accident at Kansai International Airport, Japan Society for the study of Air
Rescue,1996.
1.Introduction
(1)Background2.Model Building of Transport Simulation of the Injured
(1) Transport activity in an airplane accident
S; the estimated value of the injured
Jj; the number of beds in hospital j
B; the sum of the beds in all emergency hospitals
j ; hospital number
H: the time required(hours)
Backward: Y=1.26×X^0.64 R^2=0.83 (6)3. The Results of Transport Simulation
(1) In the case of Kansai International Airport4.Take Measures for Chubu International Airport
In this section, simulation is executed changing some condition to take
measures against insufficiency of transportability in C.I.A.. 5. Proposals for Offshore Airport Planning
In this section, some proposals are made about airport facility planning and
medical planning.6.Conclusions and Remarks
This paper has proposed transport simulation of the injured by an airplane
accident. The transport simulation model can be applied even to another
airports by giving necessary parameters, and make it possible to provide the
useful data for taking measures to an airplane accident in a offshore airport. As
the results of the simulation, we propose a disaster helipads and some date for
emergency medical planning.